In , he wrote the poem "Good-Bye. He was the son of William and Ruth Haskins Emerson; his father was a clergyman, as many of his male ancestors had been. He was licensed as a minister in and ordained to the Unitarian church in Emerson married Ellen Tucker in When she died of tuberculosis in , he was grief-stricken.
Her death, added to his own recent crisis of faith, caused him to resign from the clergy. When he returned home in , he began to lecture on topics of spiritual experience and ethical living. He moved to Concord, Massachusetts, in and married Lydia Jackson in In the s Emerson gave lectures that he afterward published in essay form. Emerson became known as the central figure of his literary and philosophical group, now known as the American Transcendentalists.
These writers shared a key belief that each individual could transcend, or move beyond, the physical world of the senses into deeper spiritual experience through free will and intuition. Further reading: The Sea Around Us , an extensive scientific and poetic study of the world's oceans. Cape Cod is a hook-shaped apostrophe of dune beaches and marshes, tide pools and lighthouses punctuating the North Atlantic. Sculpted by waves, wind, and winter storms, this eastern outpost is the place Pulitzer Prize—winning poet Mary Oliver once called home.
In the weather-beaten landscape, she wrote prose and poetry and was inspired by the world around her. Wonder is at the heart of all her writing — a fusion of mystery, prayer, and presence.
Acceptance is too. She offers comfort by blurring boundaries between ourselves and the natural world. Storytelling is a form of mapping: It connects the self to the self, people to people, and people to places over time. Stories live on long after we do. For Indigenous people, oral storytelling roots them in landscapes over millennia — not just a couple of casual generations — and stories are far more than yarns told over a fire: They are profound narratives of identity. The book tells the story of Tayo, a white and Laguna Pueblo military veteran trying to regain his peace of mind and place while dealing with PTSD.
Told in a brilliantly fractured narrative split between prose and poetry, myth and memories, past and present, Ceremony tells the story of how old ways of knowing our physical world can be healing and therapeutic. Further reading: Storyteller , a compilation of old photographs, tribal tales, poetry, and songs; Almanac of the Dead , a geographical novel that revises European colonial history in America. Olson Nature Writing Award. She told me about that pivotal time over the phone: "We arrived in time to experience the riots.
That was when I, as a small child, learned about racism. I was spat upon and hated. I needed to learn who I was then. That initial learning began in a struggle to answer or come to terms with questions that started to haunt me about origins, about who I was and who we were and what the American land was. Now a professor of environmental studies and geology at Mount Holyoke College, Savoy has a doctorate in geology that helps her see patterns and fragments, gaps and traces in her winding search for her own history and a larger history of America.
Trace: Memory, History, Race, and the American Landscape blends memoir, history, and the landscape to uncover hidden legacies. It will create seismic shifts in readers' perspectives on race, gender, and nature. The book became an international bestseller and an instant classic, showered with accolades and awards. Further reading: Shaler's Fish , Macdonald's undergraduate collection of poetry; Falcon , an exploration of the history of falconry; Vesper Flights , a forthcoming collection of selected essays.
As with DNA, X-ray crystallography — the measurement of the amplitude of thousands of X-rays scattered from the molecule — generated masses of data that revealed the structure piece by piece. Kendrew shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Max Perutz, who later deduced the structure of haemoglobin using the same technique. It is perhaps surprising that the globe emblem that adorned the masthead of the first-ever issue survived until the late s, albeit spruced up a little in the s and s.
By the end of the decade, its swirling clouds, rustic font and rising globe were looking past their best and out of step with the post-war nuclear era. A new emblem from was simpler and starker, with a crisp and modern orange-and-white colour scheme, but a contrasting old-fashioned font. The swinging sixties were a decade of great change for Nature. Against a global backdrop of cultural shifts, the cold war and accelerating technological development, the magazine initially struggled to adapt to the changing times.
The s saw the retirement of one editor, the untimely death of another and the magazine rejuvenated in content, aesthetics and organization by a third. The journal was censored and archived, moved offices and received at least one proposal to buy it although this was not taken seriously.
Scientific advances continued apace: after publishing the structure of the protein haemoglobin , the magazine hosted the first structure of an enzyme, lysozyme , spurring on the biological revolution begun in the previous decade. The late s also saw the discovery of pulsars , which were interpreted as possible extraterrestrial signals until their true nature as rotating neutron stars was deciphered.
Solving the structure of DNA was the start of the golden age of biology, and ushered in an era when the blueprint for life was suddenly within grasp. The authors showed that three DNA bases code for one amino acid; the code does not overlap; it has a fixed starting point; and different triplet combinations of base pairs can code for the same amino acid. Arthur Gale pictured, right, with co-editor Jack Brimble retired at the end of , after having worked for Nature for more than 40 years.
Only Richard Gregory had served in an active capacity for longer — ; Norman Lockyer was editor in name only for a little more than the last decade of his 50 serving years — Image from archives of Macmillan Publishers.
As the Letters section in Nature grew, so did the proportion of contributions from countries around the world. The s showed an increase in submissions from the Soviet Union and its satellite states, such as Poland and Hungary, after correspondence all but ceased in the s.
Nature was distributed to the communist Eastern Bloc, but was censored. By then, the company had accumulated a considerable archive of material related to publishing of books, which was sorted and deposited at the British Library.
The archive was later added to, in and It includes some correspondence with Lockyer and other eminent scientists involved in establishing Nature in the nineteenth century, but only on the subject of book publication. Some early correspondence about Nature has survived in the personal archives of Lockyer, Gregory and other scientists.
An attempt was made in the s to store correspondence specifically relating to Nature at Imperial College London, but most of the material remained unsorted and was eventually destroyed. Before , almost no one believed that the continents moved, but a series of papers in Nature changed how the world was viewed. Although Vine and Matthews were not alone in suggesting that the sea floor was spreading, their paper was the first to reconcile an unpopular theory with direct palaeomagnetic evidence from sea-floor lava flows.
In less than a decade, the idea of continental drift was accepted, and Earth science was born as a modern interdisciplinary subject. Image courtesy of the United States Geological Survey. His obituary the following week conveys the passion he had for science throughout his life. Brimble pictured was devoted to the magazine and fought hard for its independence and integrity.
Brimble lived long enough to mark the 5,th issue of Nature in August , when he was interviewed by the BBC and proudly asserted that , scientists read Nature in countries, from a distribution of 15, copies. Image from the archives of Macmillan Publishers. Macmillan News announced in June that the post would be taken by John Maddox pictured , who had been a theoretical physicist, a lecturer at the University of Manchester, UK, and a journalist at The Manchester Guardian later The Guardian before becoming an administrator of the Nuffield Science Teaching Project, which sought to modernize UK science education for 5- to year-olds.
Maddox would draw heavily on his experience as scientist and journalist during his editorship. In fact, there was much about the journal that needed to change. More staff members were needed to tackle the massive backlog of submissions, and members of the scientific community had issues with the handling of manuscripts. The magazine needed an overhaul and required modernizing in many departments. The receipt date of manuscripts was not recorded. The 5,st issue, in , had 30 Letters to the Editor detailing scientific discoveries, in addition to two sections of Articles.
The only solution was a comprehensive refereeing system, which also meant that the referees themselves had to be refereed. It was 18 months before the backlog of manuscripts was cleared. The most significant introduction was a News section that actually treated news as something more significant than a mere announcement. This was promoted to the front of the journal to follow the editorials, which continued to address timely issues of the day, and was followed by a reborn News and Views section that decoded complex topics and brought back a readability that had been submerged by increasing specialization.
Nature celebrated years with a VIP dinner and a collection of brilliant historical articles, principally authored by Roy Macleod. The s was a decade of success and failure for Nature. In the early s, the magazine ambitiously split into three publications, but the experiment did not last, perhaps too bold a move and ahead of its time.
The Nature community was also saddened by the death of Arthur Gale , co-editor from to , in Other activities brought more cheer. In , there were about 12 members of Nature staff, including production staff, of whom half were scientists.
The beginning of the s saw Nature expanding its global presence. The office was run for six months by John Maddox and his right-hand person, Mary Sheehan, and had the dual purpose of increasing Nature subscriptions in the United States and bolstering the flow of manuscripts from US laboratories. But the move undoubtedly increased awareness of the journal and perhaps even its influence. Image courtesy of CaryScott.
The discovery of this process was a classic story of different researchers cracking the same problem at the same time — but by different means and each oblivious to the work of the others — and has led to major advances in molecular biology and drug development.
Independently, Howard Temin and Satoshi Mizutani , and then David Baltimore , found the enzyme we now call reverse transcriptase in particles of tumour-forming viruses, rather than in the infected cell. As the volume of scientific work produced around the world increased and became more specialized, it became feasible to publish more than one edition of Nature.
However, the venture cannot be judged a success. A little over two years later, Maddox was no longer editor; the journals were reunited from the first issue of On 20 August , Davies pictured took the helm — only the sixth person to hold the editorship in more than years. Macmillan News described him as no stranger to Nature , because he had been geophysics correspondent for many years.
Before becoming editor, Davies spent a few years in the United States heading the Seismic Discrimination Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, undertaking work that could be used in the detection of underground nuclear-weapons tests — valuable experience that would filter through to his editorials in Nature.
The journal, now reunited into one entity, gave Davies the chance to exert his influence on structure and content. Davies also refined the modern journal by bringing Correspondence to the front, at the expense of Book Reviews. The unwieldy Maddox-era division of news into Old World and New World was replaced with a more politically palatable International News, accompanied by a new section — News in Brief.
Davies also introduced new columnists, newspaper-style sketch cartoons pictured and review articles, and markedly improved the quality of the front covers. Work in on the ion channels into and out of cells claimed the Nobel prize.
The incredible diagnostic power of magnetic resonance imaging was revealed in A bacteriophage was the first organism to have its entire DNA sequenced in , and heralded an era in which the complete genetic blueprint of a living creature was within grasp — how long would it take to get from microbes to humanity?
The s saw regular, named columnists in Nature for the first time. After long-standing contributor Kenneth Mellanby came Thomas H. Jukes, a British-American biochemist who wrote frequent articles from to , taking a sceptical line against pseudoscience. Vitamin B 12 is popular, probably because it is often injected and is red.
The s saw John Maddox back at the helm after a seven-year break. Under his charge, the magazine reached essentially its modern format. Discoveries continued to flow in the biological sciences. The technique commonly known as DNA fingerprinting was described in Nature in ; two years later, it was used not only to convict the killer of two teenage girls in Leicestershire, UK, but also to exonerate the original chief suspect.
In genetics, papers published in and significantly advanced knowledge of how genes affect development. In the physical sciences, and saw papers that described the large-scale structure of the Universe and the formation of galaxies, and a supernova in afforded the opportunity to set limits on the mass of the electron neutrino.
Maddox returned for his second stint as editor in This was not universally popular with employees of the more organized Dai Davies culture. Maddox pictured did not share his thoughts with readers in a Nature editorial on his return. Maddox visited Japan in for a special issue on science in the country. Published in Nature in , work by Mario Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland had established that chlorine originating from chlorofluorocarbons CFCs was an agent of ozone destruction; for this, they received a share of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
But the finding was just the start of the story. In May , Joe Farman and his colleagues at the British Antarctic Survey reported that spring ozone levels over Antarctica were much lower than expected. The authors correctly predicted that CFCs were responsible, although the chemical mechanism that they proposed was wrong. Pure carbon was thought to exist in only two forms — diamond and graphite — until the emergence of C 60 pictured showed just how beautiful chemistry can be.
Like many discoveries, it came about more by accident than design, when Harold Kroto and his colleagues were vaporizing graphite in the hope of creating the molecules thought to inhabit interstellar space. Naturally occurring C 60 has since been found in soot, carbonaceous meteorites and the mineral shungite. Its spherical structure is made up of a mixture of tessellating pentagons and hexagons — just like a football.
C 60 also resembles the geodesic domes of US inventor and architect Buckminster Fuller, and so was soon nicknamed buckminsterfullerene. Carbon can also take other forms known as fullerenes, which include carbon nanotubes , and molecules in this family can be made to superconduct.
The arrival of fullerenes and an easy method of synthesis revolutionized materials science and marked its maturation into a distinct and modern discipline. By the s, Nature had more or less reached its modern form, but there was still room for additions. Shortly into the second Maddox era, Matters Arising appeared; it tackled scientific correspondence regarding specific papers, rather than generic issues relating to science. A cover from the s is pictured. The first proposal for Nature to provide science columns for The Times dates back to around , when Norman Lockyer was editor.
The s saw Nature expanding its global operations, establishing a string of offices around the world. The opening of the New York City office in the iconic Flatiron Building on Fifth Avenue was accompanied by a marketing trial that saw 50, free copies sent to institutions across the United States; a larger campaign that followed is credited with boosting subscriptions by 3, in just one year.
The s saw a period of rapid change and development for Nature at home and abroad. Photocopies were freely available and many complaints were received when the edition was discontinued. Cooperation with Russia also included a special issue of the science magazine Priroda, which contained a selection of classic Nature papers. Could life exist on other planets in galaxies far, far way?
Extraterrestrials need homes too, and the hunt for planets outside our Solar System — extrasolar planets, or exoplanets — has been on since at least the s. In , Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail obtained the first confirmed finding: two small planets orbiting a pulsar. These were pinpointed by measuring changes in the movement of the parent star indicated by the Doppler shift in its radio emissions caused by the gravitational effects of the orbiting bodies. Nearly 4, exoplanets have since been found.
Bacon STScI. Nature built on its previous wave of international expansion by publishing a series of supplements focusing on scientific and technological developments in other countries. The fall of the Berlin Wall in opened up the old Eastern Bloc faster than many had anticipated, and the supplement Science in Eastern Europe was quick to examine opportunities there.
How did life begin? Is the brain a computer? Maddox was knighted in for services to science, and the retrospective book A Bedside Nature , edited by biochemistry correspondent Walter Gratzer, was published that year. That the company was private and not listed on the stock exchange was a comfort for some: there were no shareholders to please.
The s saw many internal and external publishing activities at Nature go electronic. To cope with the increasing volume of submissions, including those from journal launches, in an electronic system was introduced to track the progress of manuscripts from submission to publication.
E-mail arrived in the offices in A daily news service, Nature Science Updates , started at same time, and in nature. Dolly pictured became probably the most famous lamb in the world and provoked strong reactions from scientists, politicians and the public alike when she was revealed to the world by Ian Wilmut of the Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, on 22 February She showed that mammals — familiar, cuddly ones that were bigger than small children — could be cloned and, surely, if you can clone a sheep, you can clone a person?
Behind the headlines, however, Dolly was not the first cloned mammal: Steen Willadsen reported the first, also a sheep, in The cloning technique of nuclear transfer was first used in mice in , although it took the original cells from embryos and produced no living animal.
The myriad possible medical implications are only just being realized. Supplements continued on an ad hoc basis, covering topics such as immunology , allergies , science in Latin America and careers.
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