Type 2 diabetes is the leading preventable cause of cardiovascular disease and premature death worldwide.
Imaging studies suggest that Asians have greater visceral adiposity than whites at all body mass index BMI values and hence a higher risk for type 2 diabetes.
A small thigh circumference has also been implicated as a causal risk factor for multiple diseases, 6 — 9 and the number of studies investigating thigh circumference as a useful indicator of body fat has increased substantially.
However, in some studies, smaller thighs were related to low muscle mass. We hypothesized that age and obesity modify the association between thigh circumference and diabetes and thus evaluated this association, in relation to age and BMI, among healthy Korean men and women. The KMI is a health examination service provider. Because all employed people are legally required to undergo a biannual medical checkup in Korea, and companies must provide this service to their workers, most examinees at the KMI were workers.
They were informed of the purpose and content of the present research. The final sample included subjects aged 30 to 79 years. Among them, 47 participants who consented to collection of blood samples and completed the informed consent forms were included in the analysis.
Self-reported alcohol consumption, smoking status, and physical activity level were estimated from the questionnaire. During a standardized examination at KMI, participants were asked if they had ever smoked or if they exercised regularly, using a standardized health questionnaire. Information was also collected on demographic characteristics such as age, sex, family history of diabetes, cigarette smoking status never-smoker, ex-smoker, or current-smoker , and alcohol consumption status nondrinker and ever-drinker.
Current smokers and ex-smokers were asked to report the average number of cigarettes they smoke or had smoked per day. Waist circumference was measured midway between the lower rib and iliac crest. Thigh circumference was measured on the left leg directly below the gluteal fold, while participants wore the same type of hospital gowns used during the health check-up.
Thigh circumference was measured once. The correlation coefficients for intra- and inter-technician reliability were 0. A registered nurse or blood pressure technician used a standard mercury sphygmomanometer to measure blood pressure while the participants were seated. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured after a minimum rest period of 5 minutes.
For clinical chemistry assays, serum was separated from peripheral venous blood samples obtained from each participant after 12 hours of fasting.
Fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol HDL-C were measured using a Hitachi analyzer Hitachi Ltd. BMI was calculated as weight kg divided by the square of the height m 2. Data quality control was maintained in accordance with the procedures of the Korean Association of Laboratory Quality Control.
If so, they were asked to write down the name of the medication. Data were expressed as mean SD. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the independent association of thigh circumference with type 2 diabetes.
We fitted 2 models examining the association between thigh circumference and diabetes, using different adjustment schemes. The first model basic model included age, smoking status, physical activity, and family history of diabetes. In all analyses, the thigh circumference was categorized into 9 percentile categories 2. The 50th percentile was used as the reference value for thigh circumference.
All analyses were conducted using SAS statistical software version 9. All statistical tests were 2-sided, and the null hypothesis of no difference was rejected if P -values were less than 0. Overall mean age was Overall prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 4.
Overall mean thigh circumference was The correlation between hip circumference and thigh circumference among participants was 0. In addition, participants with diabetes exercised more.
The association of thigh circumference with diabetes substantially changed after adjustment for BMI and waist circumference. To evaluate other risk factors, each subject provided a medical history and underwent a physical exam and a fasting blood test.
During an average follow-up period of six years, two factors emerged as the strongest predictors of mortality. Large waist circumference, reflecting abdominal obesity, was linked to a high death rate, but large mid-arm muscle circumferences predicted a reduced death rate. The results held up even after researchers took other risk factors into account.
The British study agrees with other investigations that show the stronger live longer. Part of the reason may be that big, strong muscles reflect regular exercise and an active lifestyle. But muscle itself also contributes to health.
Muscle burns calories faster than other tissues. Muscle cells are also more responsive to insulin, lowering blood sugar levels without requiring the high insulin levels that are associated with high cardiovascular risk. Perhaps that's why a Japanese study linked small thigh muscles to abnormally stiff arteries in men. Big thigh muscles might help explain the apparent benefit of large thighs — but extra lower body fat might help, too.
A British review makes the case that gluteofemoral fat, better known as the pear shape, has a protective role. Using thigh circumference, hip circumference, and direct measurement of leg fat mass as indicators of gluteofemoral fat, the scientists argue that lower body fat helps the metabolism by reducing LDL "bad" cholesterol and triglyceride levels, raising HDL "good" cholesterol levels, improving insulin sensitivity, and lowering blood sugar levels.
And according to a study, this may help explain why women who have more lower body fat develop diabetes at a higher body mass index than men who have more abdominal fat. How might gluteofemoral fat do all this?
For one thing, fat cells in the lower part of the body seem to vacuum up harmful fatty acids that are released into the blood when fat-laden foods are digested. Fat cells in the upper body also store up free fatty acids, but are quick to pour them back into the blood in response to stress-induced surges of adrenaline.
And abdominal fat cells produce larger amounts of cytokines, chemicals that trigger harmful inflammation, while lower-body fat cells produce productive chemicals, including leptin and adiponectin.
More research is needed to sort out the action of gluteofemoral and visceral fat. At present, the evidence implicating visceral fat is stronger than the data exonerating gluteofemoral fat.
Specifically, the average body mass index BMI for Japan in was just If you need another way to look at it, 1 ton of body mass represents 12 North American adults. In Asia, 1 ton represents 17 adults. Your height , sex, and fat and muscle composition all factor into your ideal weight. There are various tools to help you figure out your number.
BMI, one of the most popular tools, uses a formula that involves your height and weight. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared.
Then multiply that result by You can also plug this information into an online calculatorTrusted Source. Although this method offers a good starting point, your BMI may not always be the most accurate measure of your ideal weight. It goes back to factors such as frame size, muscle composition, and your age. Athletes, for example, may weigh more due to high muscle mass and get an overweight result. In Asia, 1 ton represents 17 adults. Your height , sex, and fat and muscle composition all factor into your ideal weight.
There are various tools to help you figure out your number. BMI, one of the most popular tools, uses a formula that involves your height and weight.
To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared. Then multiply that result by You can also plug this information into an online calculatorTrusted Source. Although this method offers a good starting point, your BMI may not always be the most accurate measure of your ideal weight. It goes back to factors such as frame size, muscle composition, and your age. Athletes, for example, may weigh more due to high muscle mass and get an overweight result.
Older adults, on the other hand, tend to store more fat than younger adults.
0コメント