Similarly, a study of women aged 20—29 years in one US region found that within about 10 years of vaccine introduction, the prevalence of HPV types targeted by the vaccine decreased in both vaccinated and unvaccinated women, providing evidence of both direct and herd protection In addition, the vaccines may reduce the need for screening and subsequent medical care, biopsies , and invasive procedures associated with follow-up from abnormal cervical screening, thus helping to reduce health care costs and anxieties related to follow-up procedures As the incidence of cervical cancer has declined in the United States, due mainly to cervical cancer screening, the incidence of HPV-associated oropharyngeal , vulvar , and anal cancers has been increasing Indeed, analyses of data for — found that HPV caused more oropharyngeal cancers than cervical cancers in the United States 2.
There are no formal screening programs for the non-cervical cancers, so universal HPV vaccination could have a large public health impact. More than 12 years of safety monitoring show that the vaccines have caused no serious side effects. The most common problems have been brief soreness and other local symptoms at the injection site. These problems are similar to those commonly experienced with other vaccines. The rates of adverse side effects were consistent with what was seen in safety studies carried out before the vaccine was approved and were similar to those seen with other vaccines.
The most recent safety data review for HPV vaccines continues to indicate that these vaccines are safe 29 , Syncope fainting is sometimes observed with Gardasil, as with other vaccines. Falls after fainting may sometimes cause serious injuries, such as head injuries. These can largely be prevented by keeping the person seated for up to 15 minutes after vaccination. The FDA and CDC have reminded health care providers that, to prevent falls and injuries, all vaccine recipients should remain seated or lying down and be closely observed for 15 minutes after vaccination.
However, these people should be told that the vaccination will not cure them of current HPV infections or treat the abnormal results of their Pap test Although HPV vaccines have been found to be safe when given to people who are already infected with HPV, the vaccines provide maximum benefit if a person receives them before he or she is sexually active 32 , It is likely that someone previously infected with HPV will still get some residual benefit from vaccination, even if he or she has already been infected with one or more of the HPV types included in the vaccines.
Because HPV vaccines do not protect against all HPV types that can cause cancer, women who have been vaccinated are advised to follow the same screening recommendations as unvaccinated women. There could be future changes in screening recommendations for vaccinated women. Most private insurance plans cover HPV vaccination. The federal Affordable Care Act requires most private insurance plans to cover recommended preventive services including HPV vaccination with no copay or deductible.
Medicaid covers HPV vaccination in accordance with ACIP recommendations, and immunizations are a mandatory service under Medicaid for eligible individuals under age In addition, the federal Vaccines for Children Program provides immunization services for children younger than 19 years who are Medicaid eligible, uninsured, underinsured, or Native American or Alaska Native. Merck, the manufacturer of Gardasil 9, offers the Merck Vaccine Patient Assistance Program , which provides Gardasil 9 for free to people aged 19 to 45 years who live in the United States, do not have health insurance, and have an annual household income less than a certain amount.
If a single dose of HPV vaccine were effective, that would be an important advance. A large observational study using national data from women across Australia found that one dose of HPV vaccine was as effective as two or three doses in preventing high-grade cervical lesions An analysis of data from a community-based clinical trial of Cervarix in Costa Rica, found that even one dose of the vaccine caused the body to produce approximately nine times more antibodies against HPV than the body produces in response to a natural HPV infection, and those antibody levels persisted for 11 years In addition, the rates of HPV infection remained low for at least 10 years The ESCUDDO study , a randomized double-blind controlled trial involving 20, girls ages 12—16 years, is testing whether one dose of either Cervarix or Gardasil 9 is as effective as two doses at preventing persistent cervical infection with HPV.
Another prevention strategy that is being explored is topical microbicides. Carrageenan, a compound that is extracted from a type of seaweed and used widely in foods and other products, has been found to inhibit HPV infection in laboratory studies. An interim analysis of data from a randomized clinical trial showed that consistent use of a lubricant gel that contains carrageenan reduced the risk of genital HPV infection in healthy women Researchers are working to develop therapeutic HPV vaccines, which instead of preventing HPV infection would prevent cancer from developing among women previously infected with HPV 37 — These vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to specifically target and kill infected cells.
Ongoing clinical trials are testing the safety and efficacy of a therapeutic DNA vaccine to treat HPV-related cervical and vulvar lesions. Menu Contact Dictionary Search. Understanding Cancer. What Is Cancer? Cancer Statistics. Cancer Disparities. Cancer Causes and Prevention. Risk Factors. Cancer Prevention Overview. Cancer Screening Overview.
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Over time, this can cause abnormal tissue growth as well as other changes, which can lead to cancer if not treated. High-risk types of HPV are linked to different types of cancer, including:. Gardasil 9 protects against 9 types of HPV: 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 and These types of HPV also cause most anal cancers, and some genital and head and neck cancers. HPV vaccination does not protect against other infections spread during sex, such as chlamydia, and it will not stop girls getting pregnant, so it's still very important to practise safe sex.
The 1st dose of the HPV vaccine is routinely offered to girls and boys aged 12 and 13 in school Year 8. If you miss either of your HPV vaccine doses, speak to your school immunisation team or GP surgery and make an appointment to have the missed dose as soon as possible.
It's important to have both doses of the vaccine to be fully protected. People who were eligible for HPV vaccination in school Year 8 but who missed it can still be vaccinated on the NHS up to their 25th birthday.
People who have the 1st dose of the HPV vaccine at 15 years of age or above will need to have 3 doses of the vaccine. This is because they do not respond as well to 2 doses as younger people do.
Find out more about who can have the HPV vaccine. Read more about HPV vaccination safety and the possible side effects. In July , it was announced that the HPV vaccine would be extended to boys aged 12 to 13 years in England. Since the to school year, both to year-old boys and girls in school Year 8 born after 1 September have been eligible for the HPV vaccine. The HPV vaccination programme has been extended to prevent more boys and girls getting HPV-related cancers, such as head and neck cancers and anal and genital cancers.
A catch-up programme for older boys is not necessary as evidence suggests they're already benefiting greatly from the indirect protection known as herd protection that's built up from 10 years of the girls' HPV vaccination programme. HPV infections can be spread by any skin-to-skin contact and are usually found on the fingers, hands, mouth and genitals. This means the virus can be spread during any kind of sexual activity, including touching.
Immunogenicity trials conducted several years after the original vaccine licensures demonstrated that the antibody response after two doses given 6 to 12 months apart in 9- through year-olds was non-inferior to the antibody response after three doses in women in the age group in which efficacy was demonstrated in the clinical trials.
These studies led to approval and recommendation of a two-dose schedule in young adolescents. Top of Page. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link. Vaccines and Preventable Diseases. Section Navigation. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate.
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